Abstract by author:
Calves can be fed on whole milk or milk replacer. If milk replacer is not mixed properly nutritional disorders like scours can occur. Milk replacer should therefore be mixed properly according to the manufacture's description
If calf housing is not well planed, cases of pneumonia may occur. Calf pens should therefore be well ventilated, free of draught and dampness. Calves can be housed individually or in groups. Group penning has the problem of navel sucking and spreading of disease Calf scouring and pneumonia appear to be the most common causes of mortality in calves